3 -Use of the infinitive
Mistakes are frequently made by using the infinitive without to after the following verbs, which do not require it.
321 Can + infinitive without to. Don't say: My mother can to swim very well.
Say: My mother can swim very well. Note1 Always write the negative form cannot as oneword. Alternatively, the short form can't can be used informally.
322 Could + infinitive without to. Don't say: I could not to see you yesterday.
Say: I could not/couldn't see you yesterday.
323 May + infinitive without to. Don't say: May I to visit you next weekend?
Say: May I visit you next weekend?
324 Might + infinitive without to. Don't say: He might to come in the morning.
Say: He might come in the morning.
325 Must + infinitive without to. Don't say: I must to see her at her office.
Say: I must see her at her office.
326 Let + infinitive without to. Don't say:Tom's father would not let him to go out.
Say: Tom's father would not let him go out.
327 Make (to force) + infinitive without to. Don't say: You can't make Emma to understand.
Say: You can't make Emma understand.
328 See + infinitive without to. Don't My; They saw him to leave the house.
Say: They saw him leave the house. Note1 They saw him leaving the house is also correct.
329 Watch + infinitive without to. Don't say: I watched the girls to play hockey.
Say: I watched the girls play hockey. Note. /watched (he girls playing hockey is also correct
330 Hear + infinitive without to. Don't say: We heard him to speak in English.
Say: We heard him speak in English. Note We heard him speaking in English is also correct
331 Feel + infinitive without to. Don't say: I could feel her heart to beat,
Say: I could feel her heart beat. Or: I could feel her heart beating.
Note if the verbs make, see, watch, hear, feel, are used in the passive, to must be used He was seen to leave the house . He was heard to speak m English.
(See Exercise 65 on page 165.)
Miscellaneous examples
332 Wrong repetition of subject. Don't say: My little brother he is at school,
/ Say: My little brother is at school.
Never repeat the subject by using a pronoun after the noun My little brothe, and he denote thesame person Therefore, useoneor theother as sub|ect, but not both
333 Wrong repetition of subject in a compound sentence. Don't say: I went to the market and I bought fruit.
Say: I went to the market and bought fruit. In a compound sentence, express thesame subject once only anddon't repeat it before each verb, unless thesentence is long and complicated .
334 Wrong repetition of subject after an adjectival clause,
Don't say: David, who is a careless pupil, he lost his book,
Say: David, who is a careless pupil, lost his book.
335 Wrong repetition of subject after a non-finite verb phrase.
Don't say: Karen and Tom, having signed the register,
they left the church. Say: Karen andTom, having signed the register, left
the church.
336 Wrong use of personal pronoun in a relative clause. Don't say;The book which I lost it was new.
Say: The book which I lost was new.
Don't use a personal pronoun as well as a relative in the relative clause if they both refer to the same noun In the first sentence both which and it refe-' to book.
337 Wrong repetition of object. Don't say: The doctor I know him very well.
Say: I know the doctor very well.
m ihe sentence given, theworcs doctor and him denote one and the same object Therefore, useeither doctor or him, butnotboth inthe same sentence.
In general w e don't put the ob|ect before the verb so the word order in The doctor I fcnow himvery well is also wrong
338 Wrong repetition of object with infinitive.
Don't say: I bought an English book to read it.
Say: I bought an English book to read. Don't repeat an object with an infinitive of purpose if the verb takes an object
(For Sections 332-338 see Exercise 20 on page 146.)
339 Wrong use of that in direct speech. Don't say: She said that, 'Em sure to pass.'
Say: She said, 'I'm sure to pass.' We can't usethat in direct speech, i.e when we repeat thewords that some other person has spoken without any change. Note, in indirect speech w e say: H e said that he was sure to pass.
340 Using a double comparative. Don't say: He's more stronger than John.
Say: He's stronger than John. Double comparatives are incorrect more stronger ought to be only stronger.
However, w e can say much stronger.
341 Misuse of adjectives that can't be compared.
Don't say: My work is more perfect than his.
Say: My work is superior to his. Or: My work is better than his.
Certain adjectives can't be compared perfect, unique, preferable, supreme, right, correct, etc
342 Return back used instead of return. Don't say: She has returned back to school.
Say: She has returned to school Don't use the word back with return, because return means to come back .
343 Begin from used instead of begin. Don't say; Exams begin from Thursday.
Say: Exams begin on Thursday. A Hung canbegin unhatapomi olnme Theword cant beused oapply 10 the whole time during which a thing is being done.
344 Consider as used instead of consider. Don't say: Robert considers me ashis best friend.
Say: Robert considers me his best friend. Don't as*; a5 after theword consider W e say He regards me as his best friend oi Robert considers me to be his best friend.
345 For to used instead of to. Don't say; 1 came here for to learn English.
Say: I came here to learn English.
346 From where used instead of where. Don't say: From where can I buy a good watch?
Say: Where can I buy a good watch? Where means at what place, while from where denotes thepoint of origin from where do tourists come?
347 And etc. used instead of etc. Don't say: I, you, we, and etc. are pronouns.
Say: I, you, we, etc., are pronouns. Etc. is the short form of et cetera, a Latin phrase meaning and other things The combination and etc. is wrong because it would mean and and other things Note However, students areadvised to avord using etc. in an essay andto use
phrases such as and other things, and so on instead.
348 So ... so that instead of so ... that. Don't say: I'm so tired so that I can't go.
/ Say: I'm so tired that I can't go. When so or such is completed by a clause of result, introduce the clause by that and not by so that
349 From now and on used instead of from now on.
Don't say: From now and on I'll study hard.
Say: From now on I'll study hard. The phrase from now and on isincorrect Say, from now on
350 Although/Though ... yet used instead of although/though.
Don't say: Although it's raining, yet he'll go. / Say: Although it's raining, he'll go.
Although (though) is the conjunction introducing the subordinate clause, and a second one (yet or still) isn't required.
351 Go to home used instead of go home. Don't say: When school is over I go to home.
Say: When school is over I go home. The expression (go tohome iswrong Say./go home.
352 Using far with a phrase of definite distance. Don't say: Mary lives two miles far from here.
/ Say: Mary lives two miles from here. When we usea phrase of definite distance (like two miles') in a sentence,
don't use the word far We cansay,Mary lives two miles, away .
=======================
Misplaced word
Wrong posiation of adverbs :
353 The adverb of definite time misplaced. Don't say: I last night went to the cinema.
•/ Say: I went to the cinema last night.
Adverbs or adverbial phrases of definite lime, like yesterday, today, tomorrow, last week, two months ago, are usually placed al theendofthe sentence If w e want to emphasise the time, w e put the adverb at the beginning Yesterday I was very busy
Note1 if there is more than oneadverb of definite time in a sentence, put the more exact expression before the more general1 He was bom at two o'clock in ths morning on April 12th 1942.
354 The adverb of indefinite time misplaced. Don't say: They come always to school by bus.
/ Say: They always come to school by bus.
P at." adverbs of indefinite time, like ever, never, always, often, seldom, soon, sometimes and the adverbs almost, scarcely, hardly, nearly, even, before the principal verb
Note With the vero to be place the adverb of indefinite time after the verb1 They are always beautifully dressed
355 The adverb of time placed before the adverb of place. Don't say: The builders will be tomorrow here.
/ Say: The builders will be here tomorrow.
When using an adverb of hmeandan adverb of place together ina sentence, the adverb of place must come first
356 The adverb misplaced with a transitive verb. Don't say: Janet wrote carefully her essay.
/ Say: Janet wrote her essay carefully. With a transitive verb, the adverb generally comes after the object.
Note. If, however, theobject is long, the adverb maycome after the transitive verb She wrote carefully all the essays she had to do
357 The adverb enough misplaced. Don't say: Is the room enough large for,you?
/ Say: Is the room large enough for you? Place the adverb enough after the word it qualifies and not before.
Note. When enough is an adjective it comes before the noun: We have enough food for six people.
358 Not misplaced with a compound verb. Don't say: I should have not gone ...
/ Say: I should not have gone ... Position not in a compound verb after the first auxiliary
Note- With the present or perfect participle, place not at the beginning' Not having set the alarm, he was late for work. Not being rich, he couldn't afford it.
359 Not misplaced with the negative infinitive. Don't say: I told Liz to not come on Monday.
/ Say: I told Liz not to come on Monday. Position not in the negative infinitive immediately before the word to, and not
after it.
(See Exercises 66 and 67 on pages 165-166.)
Miscellaneous examples
360 The subject of the sentence misplaced Don't say: Last week visited our school a man.
/ Say: A man visited our school last week. in most English sentences place the subject first, the verb ne>T, then th^ obiec
with the rest following
361 The subject misplaced in questions. Don't say: You were at the cinema yesterday?
They'll come with us tomorrow? / Say: Were you at the cinema yesterday
Will they come with us tomorrow?
in rlerogaWe sentences pl.it e 1he sublet aft^r theverrj If "heipnse is compound, the subject comes a'lei 'hi? auxiliary, and the 'es! fol'p-.vi
K'ote Exception ;c this rule is occasionally macie in '.pol-e^. English, nut studer .ire advised to 'ollow the rule
362 The subject misplaced in questions beginning with an interrogative word. Don't say: Why you were absent last Friday?
/ Say: Why were you absent last Friday? in qt.es':ons beginning with AW mtei irjgjtive w e d l.ke what, when, where,
how, place 'he verb before Hie sjbjeti as m all quei.i.ons (For Sections 361-362 see Exercise 35 on page 153.)
363 The.subject misplaced after never, etc. Don't say: Never J have heard of such a thing.
/ Say: Never have I heard of such a thing.
When never, seldom, rarely, neither, nor, not only, no sooner, aie patet at the beginning of a complete clause, the verb must come before m e subjec as m a question .
364 All... not used instead of Not all. Don't say: All people are not hard-working.
</ Say: Not all people are hard-working. The first sentence is wrong because it makes all people lazy
Note Similarly, Everybody doesn't like dancing should be N o t e v o r y b o d y likes darcmg
365 The subject misplaced in indirect questions. Don't say:The teacher asked me what games did 1 play?
</ Say: The teacher asked me what games I played. In indirect questions follow the usual order of words: subject first and
then verb
(See Exercise 37 on page 154.)
366 The direct object misplaced. Don't iay: He touched with his hand the ball.
</ Say: He touched the ball with his hand. The object of a transitive verb generally comes directly after the verb
367 The indirect object misplaced. Don't say: I showed to her some of my stamps.
/ Say: 1 showed some of my stamps to her.
If the indirect object is preceded by a preposition, p'ace it after the direct object
Note The indirect object usually comes fust without a preposition / showed her some ol my stamps.
368 The qualifying adjective misplaced. Don't say: My uncle has a garden very large.
/ Say: My uncle has a very large garden. Pur the adjective immediately before the noun, it qualifes .
Have another look at ...
Questions
Questions can be formed in three ways:
1 By putting the verb before the subject. Only use this method with the following twenty-one verbs: am, is, are, was, were; have, has, had; shall, should; will, would; can, could; may, might; must; need; dare; ought; used.
Examples: Are you ready? Can you write well? Will he come tomorrow? May I go now?
2 By using do, does, did, followed by the subject and then the infinitive (without fo). Use this form with all verbs except the twenty-one given above.The word order is:
Do (does, did) + SUBJECT + INFINITIVE Examples: Do you come here every day? Does the child learn English? Did they go to the theatre?
3 By using question words. The question word always begins the question, but the verb must be put before the subject as in questions of types 1 and 2. Examples: Why are you late? When did you come? Where is it? Whom did you see? Which book do you want?
If the question word is the subject of the sentence, put the verb after the subject: Who wrote the letter? Whose dog bit the man?
369 The past participle misplaced. Don't say: The ordered goods haven't arrived.
/ Scry; The goods ordered haven't arrived.
The goods ordered is a shortened form of The goods which have
been ordered.
370 The relative clause misplaced. Don't say: A girl has a pony who is in our class.
/ Say: A girl who is in our class has a pony. Put the relative clause immediately after the noun to which it refers.
Note Enclose a relative clause that maybe omitted between commas. My brother George, who is in another class, has a new bicycle. A relative clause that can't be omitted is not enclosed within commas: The boy who spoke to me is my brother.
371 The conjunction misplaced in a time clause. Don't say: Emma when she arrived the boat had already gone.
/ Say: When Emma arrived the boat had already gone. Place the conjunction introducing an adverbial clause of time at the beginning
of a clause.
372 Correlative conjunctions misplaced. Don't say: Paul neither speaks English nor French.
/ Say: Paul speaks neither English nor French. Place correlative conjunctions (that is, conjunctions used in pairs, like neither...
nor, not only ... but also) before words of the same part of speech.
373 The ordinal numeral misplaced. Don't say: I've read the two first chapters.
/ Say: I've read the first two chapters.
Place ordinal numerals before cardinal numerals There can't be t w o first chapters, only one. Similarly, w e must say. The last two (three, etc.), and not The two (three, etc.) last.
374 The indefinite article misplaced with such. Don't say/: I never met a such good man before.
/ Say: I never met such a good man before. Place the indefinite article a or an after such: such a good man.
375 The definite article misplaced with half. Don't say: The half year is nearly finished.
/ Say: Half the year is nearly finished. Half the year is shortened form of half of the year.
376 The most used instead of most of the. Don't soy: The most of girls are not present.
/ Soy: Most of the girls are not present. The phrase the most of isincorrect. Say, most of the.
377 The apostrophe (') misplaced with contractions. Don't write: Did'nt, has'nf, is'nt, are'nt, etc.
/ Write: Didn't, hasn't isn't, aren't, etc. (See Exercises 39 and 40 on pages 155-156.)
378 Mentioning oneself first. Don't soy: Only I and my mother are present.
/ Say: Only my mother and I are present.
English idiom requires that when a person is speaking of himself/herself and others, he/she must mention the other person or persons first and leave himself/herself last.
Have another look at ... Correct order of words
1 Subject 2 Verb 3 Object
1 The object is usually placed immediately after the verb. Example: I speak English very well.
2 The indirect object usually comes before the direct object without a preposition. Example: I gave him the money.
3 An expression of time comes after an expression of place. Example: We stayed there all day.
4 Place adverbs of time and degree, such as always, often, never, nearly, hardly, scarcely, before the verb, or between the auxiliary and the verb. Examples: I never see that man; or I have never seen that man.
Note: With the verb to be place the adverb after the verb: He is never late.
5 In indirect questions the subject comes first and then the verb. Example: I want to know where they went.
6 In compound verbs with two auxiliaries, place not after the first one. Example: She could not have been there.
7 In the negative infinitive, not comes before to. Example: I told him not to go there.
Confused words
Prepositions often confused
379 To and At. (a) To.
Don't say: We come at school every morning,
-Say: We come to school every morning. (b) At. Don't say: Someone is standing to the door.
-Say: Someone is standing at the door. Use to to express motion from one place to another, use at to ciensrr- 0051 tiro (See Exercise 77 on page 170,)
380 To and Till. (a) To.
Don't say: We walked till the river and back.
-Say: We walked to the river and back. (b) Till. Don't say: I'll stay here to next month.
-Say: I'll stay here till next month. Use to with distance, and till (until) with time 381 In and At. (a) In. Don't say: Liam has a flat at Paris. Say: Liam has a flat in Paris.
We use in to describe the physical location something as pari of A larger thing or place .
(b) At.
Don't say: My mother is staying in 66 Argyle Street.
Say: My mother is staying at 66 Argyle Street.
We use at when we're talking about an address, a public place or building (a bus stop, the Post Office, the library etc.) and cases in which the location is irrelevant but what we do there is vvhal mailers (school, the dentist, dance class etc i
(See Exercise 78 on page 170.)
382 In and Into. (a) In.
Don't say: Gemma spent all the day into her room.
-Say: Gemma spent all the day in her room. (b) Into. Don't say: Richard came in the room and sat down.
-Say: Richard came into the room and sat down. In denotes position inside somethinc , while into denotes motion or direction towards the inside of something Note Always write the preposition into as one word (See Exercise 79 on page 171.) 383 On, At, In. (Time.) (a) On. Don't say: My uncle will arrive at Saturday.
-Say: My uncle will arrive on Saturday. (b) At. Don't say: I usually get up on seven o'clock. -Say: I usually get up at seven o'clock. (c) In. Don't say: She goes for a walk at the afternoon. -Say: She goes for a walk in the afternoon.
(1) Use on with the clays of the week or month1 on Friday, on March 25, on New Year's Day {2} Use at with the exact time, at four o'clock, at dawn, at noon, at sunset, at midnight. (3) Use in with a period of time in April, in winter, in 1945, in the morning Also at night and by day
(See Exercise 80 on page 171.)
384 For and At. (Price.) (a) For.
Don't say: I bought a book at fifty pence.
-Say: I bought a book for fifty pence. (b) At. Don't say: I can't buy it for such a high price.
-Say: I can't buy it at such a high price. Use for if the actual sum is mentioned use at it the actual sum isn't given N o t e 1 If the weight or measure follows the price, use at with the actual surrr That velvet is available at £5 a metre .
385 Between and Among. (a) Between.
Don't say: There was a fight among two boys.
-Say: There was a fight between two boys. (b) Among. Don't say: Divide the apple between you three. -Say: Divide the apple among you three. Use between for two only Use among for more than two (See Exercise 81 on page 172.) 386 Beside. Don't say: Charlie was standing just besides me. -Say: Charlie was standing just beside me.
387 Except for Besides/As well as Don't say: 1 have other books except these.
-Say: I have other hooks besides/as well as these (= in addition to these). hnie Except me-ms 'n leavp out £V*«yO';e wt js present except John
388 Byfor With. Don't say: The man shot the bird by a gun.
Say: The man shot the bird with a gun.
'.Vfren you ^r'i •,no\. Me •it-^r', ei i) I'^tfimer.t ,.-ih which 'he action .-iorjr ,e with By denote* the uoer n1 the action The bird i-va^ ;hor by
t/ie man "jivU r-,i- ioi1-v.r.iq ul.- by and not with by nan'1 by post, by phone,
by cip^wann,bytheIour.bytheJo:piv bythemetre
3o-; 1 From for By. Don'l say: Mary was punished from her father.
-Say: Mary was punished by her father. I'it- by ''..-)! from,1 {ituv fhf-pdSy.v*1 form to show the doer of tne -Ktion
390 FromtorOforIn. Don't say: He's the tallest from all the boys.
-Say: He's the tallest of all the boys. Or. He's the tallest boy in the class
Preu-de .idi^i tives (or adverbs) INthe superlative degree by the jnc! follow mem bi of or in
391 FAT FOR About. Don't say: The teacher spoke for bad habits.
-Say: The teacher spoke about bad habits.
Dor. t usr-for in th-=scr.se of about fhe chief u-e of for r; (a convey the idea of fj'jm.y m fjvo,jr of " we sa>'thai the tt-arhei yoke for bad habits it's like saying :hdt he/',he spoke in favour nl bad habits1
392 Since forFor. Don't say: She's lived here since two years
-Say: She's lived here for two years.
Place the preposition for before words or phrases denoting a period of time: for three days, for six weeks, for two years, for a few minutes, for a long time. Use it with any tense except the present.
Note For isoften omitted W e cansay, I've been here for two years or I've been here two years.
393 From for Since. Don't say: lan's been ill from last Friday.
-Say: lan's been ill since last Friday.
Place the preposition since before words or phrases denoting a point in time: since Monday, since yesterday, since eight o'clock, since Christmas. When we usesince, theverb isusually inthepresent perfect tense, butitmaybein the past perfect. I was glad to see Tom. I hadn't seen him since last Christmas.
Note: From canalso denote apoint intime, butitmust befollowed bytoor till: He works from eight o'clock till one o'clock without a break
394 After for In. Don't soy: I may be able to go after a week.
Say: I may be able to go in a week. Or: I may be able to go in a week's time.
When speaking of a period of time inthefuture, usein, andnotafter. Here in means after the end of.
395 In for Within. Don't say: I'll come back in an hour - if you mean before the end of an hour.
-Say: I'll come back within an hour. In means after the end of, within means before the end of. (See Exercises 82 and 83 on pages 172-173.)
Have another look ...
Use of certain prepositions
Prepositions of Place
TO and AT Use TO for movement from one place to another. Example: I walk to school every day.
Use \i to denote position or rest. Example: He's waiting at the door.
iN and INTO IN denotes position or rest inside something.
Example: The pencil ("5 in the box. INTO denotes movement towards the inside of.
Example:They walk into the room. Prepositions of Time
AT, IN, O'S Use AT with the exact time.
Example: She arrived at 8 o'clock in the morning.
Use ON with days and dates. Examples: On Sunday we go to church. My birthday is
on the third of December. Use IN with a period of time. Example: In summer the weather is warm.
Verbs often confused
396 Shall and Will. (a) To express simple futurity:
In the first person:
Don't say: I will go tomorrow if it's fine. S Say: I shall go tomorrow if it's fine.
In the second person:
Don't say: She tells m e you shall go tomorrow. / Say: She tells me you will/'ll go tomorrow.
In the third person:
Don't say: He shall go if he has permission. S Say: He will/'ll go if he has permission.
(b) To express something more than simple futurity: In the first person: Don't say: I have determined that I shall go.
-Say: I have determined that I will/'ll go. In the second person: Don't say: You will/'ll go out if you are good. Say: You shall go out if you are good. In the third person: Don't say: My mind is made up: he will/'ll go. -Say: My mind is made up: he shall go. To form the simple future, useshall with the first person and will with the second and third persons Will in the first person denotes resolution or personal determination, and shall m the second and third persons denotes either a command or a promise Note1 Should, thepast tense of shall, andwould, thepast tense of will, have the same differences ofmeaning anduseasthepresent forms shall and will was afraid that I should fail, I promised that I would help him (See Exercise 41 on page 156.)
397 Shall and May. Distinguish between:
(a) May I shut the door? and (b) Shall I shut the door?
M a y ' ihui 'he door'1 Me-di'iS thai I wi-,.11 "he rjrjor closed and I ask ,'ntji permission to -/nut it. Shaii 1 -J-.ui ('>=> doer'-' M e a n s that I •/•/ant io knov-- whether y o u wish the door oo'.ed
398 Say and Tell. Don't say: He told. '1 wili/'ll go home.'
He told that he'd go home. / Say: He said, 'I will/'ll go home.'
He said that he'd go home.
Use to Say :1) wnen referrmq to a person's actual words, and (2) in udirect spee:h if the sentence doesn't contain an indirect object..
Note Common idioms w-th say una teff Say a prayer Who says-' l must sayi You can say that age"'' If v o n say so Teil the- truth Tell a lie. Tell a story Tei! the Time Tell your fortune Tell someone your name
(See Exercise 42 on pages. 156-157.)
399 Make and Do. (a) Make,
Don't say: The carpenter did a large table. / Say The carpenter made a large table.
(hi Do. Don't say: You must make your work carefully.
Say: You must do your work carefully. To make primarily means to construct or manufacture something, while to do
mean: to accomplish a thing
JJoie Common exceptions with make and do [a) To make a mistake, to make a promise, to make a spet-'.n to make an excuse, to make ha^te, to make fun of, to make progress, to make a noise, to make a bed i- to prepare the bed for sleeping on) lb) To do good, to do evil, to do -/our best to do your duty, to do someone a favour, to do wrong, to do a puzzle, ro do business, to do away with, to do gymnastics, to do exercises
(See Exercise 43 on page 157.)
400 Lie and Lay. (a) Lie.
Don't say: Em going to lay down for an hour. S Say: Em going to lie down for an hour.
(b) Lay. Don't say: Please lie the exam papers on the desk.
Say: Please lay out the exam papers on the desk.
Lie (= to rest) is an intransitive verb and never has an object. Lay (= to put) is a transitive verb and always requires an object. Their principal parts are lie, lay, lain, and lay, laid, laid.
Note:Lie,lied,liedistotellanuntruth:Hehaslied tomeLay,laid,laidalso means to produce eggs: The hen has laid an egg (Idiom. Lay the table is to prepare the table for a meal.)
(See Exercise 44 on page 157.)
401 Sit and Seat. (a) Sit.
Don't say: We seat at a desk to write a letter.
Say: We sit at a desk to write a letter.
(b) Seat. Don't say: He sat the passengers one by one.
Say: He seated the passengers one by one.
Use sit as an intransitive verb. Seat is a transitive verb and requires an ob|ect Very often the object of seat is a reflexive pronoun: He seated himself near the fire. The principal parts of the two verbs are: sit, sat, sat, and seat, seated, seated.
Note: Don't confuse sit with set, wfuch usually means to place. Common idioms with set. to set the table, to set on fire, to set off lor out), to set a trap, to set a clock, to set a price, to set your heart on, to set free, to set an example, to set a broken bone, to set to work (= to start work).
(See Exercise 45 on page 158.)
402 Rise and Raise. (a) Rise.
Don't say: Val raises very early in the morning.
Say: Val rises very early in the morning. (b) Raise. Don't say: She rose their salaries too often. -Say: She raised their salaries too often. Rise isan intransitive verb andmeans to 90 up,stand up,or getoutof bed. Itctoesrr!require an object Raise .
153 transitive verb and means toliHup something Their principal parts are; rise, rose, risen, and raise, raised, raised. Note. Arise is often used for rise, but it is better to use arise only in the sense of begin A quarrel (a discussion, an argument, a difficulty, etc) may arise This is formal but is still used (See Exercise 46 on page 158.) 403 Like and Love. Don't say: I like you! Will you marry me? Say: I love you! Will you marry me? Both verbs canbe used for people andthings theonly difference isone of degree Love is much stronger than like.
404 Stay and Remain. (a) Stay.
Don't say: We remained in a very good hotel.
-Say: We stayed in a very good hotel. (b) Remain. Don't say: Not many figs have stayed on the tree. -Say: Not many figs have remained on the tree. Here, to stay means tolive forashort time asaguest oravisitor, andto remain means to be 'eftafter part hasbeen taken or deslioyed. Note; Useeither verb when themeaning istocontinue inthesame placeor condition /'//stay [or remain) at home till tomorrow. Remain ismore formal
405 Hanged and Hung. (a) Hanged.
Don't say: No-one has been hung in Britain
since 1964.
Say: No-one has been hanged in Britain since 1964. (b) Hung. Don't say: We hanged the picture on the wall. -Say: We hung the picture on the wall. W h e n the reference is to killing a person or animal by hanging, w e use the form hanged. In other cases, the form is hung The principal parts of the two verbs are: hang, hanged, hanged; hang, hung. hung. See Exercise 50 on page 160.) 406 Wear and Put on. (a) Wear. Don't say: Kathy always puts on black shoes. «/ Say: Kathy always wears black shoes. (b) Put on. Don't say: 1 wear my clothes in the morning.
Say: 1 put on my clothes in the morning. W e a r means to have upon the body as a garment or as an ornament To put on denotes a simple act. Note1 To dress has nearly the same meaning as to put on, but the ob|ect of dress is a person and not a thing He dressed himself and went out, The mother dressed her baby (See Exercise 47 on pages 158-159.) 407 Tear and Tear up. (a) Tear. Don't say: John tore up his coat on a nail.
Say: Philip was angry and tore up the letter. To tear means to divide along a straight or urogulai line, sometimes by C'den: To t e a r u p means to destroy by tearing to pieces. Hurt ! - i e word u p is often used with verbs lo express the idea of q-eater
completeness: burn up, drink up, dry up, cut up eat up, shut up, use up
408 Grow and Grow up. ['(?} Grow.
Don'f say: These flowers grow up very quickly.
Say: These flowers grow very quickly. (b) Grow up. Don't say: When I grow I'll be a doctor. Say: When I grow up I'll be. a doctor. To grow means to necome bigger, to grow up means to become an jdu't Noie Other meanings of g r o w {I.1 to occur r.atu/aliy in the ground Rice grows in Egypt. [2) to cause to grow Vve grow flowers in our garden (3) to allow to grow He grew a beard: (4) to become The nights cold in winter
409PickandPickup.
(u) Pick.
Don't say: W e picked up flowers in the garden. •
Say: We picked flowers in the garden.
(b) Pick up.
Don't say: The naughty boy picked a stone. / Say: The naughty boy picked up a stone. To pick fruit or flowers means to pull them away with the fingers, to pick up 11.ear<; to Mi up from the ground. The important e'ement is that what is OK':-d up isn't attached
410 Deal with and Deal in. (a) Deal with.
Don't say:Thisbookdealsincommonerrors. Say: This book deals with common errors.
(b) Deal in. Don't say: A bookseller deals with books.
Say: A bookseller deals in books. To deaf with means to have to do with, to deal in means to buy and sell .
Note. To deal w i t h also means to take action on a matter The headmaster will deal with that question .
411 Interfere in and Interfere with. (a) Interfere in.
Don't say: Don't interfere with my private business!
Say: Don't interfere in my private business! (b) Interfere with. Don't say: Paul is always interfering in the equipment.
Say: Paul is always interfering with the equipment. Interfere in means to concern yourselt with something which you shouldn't Interfere w i t h means to do some damage or be a nuisance to someone or something. 412 Borrow and Lend. (a) Borrow. Don't say: I want to lend a book from you.
Say: I want to borrow a book from you. (b) Lend. Don't say: Will you please borrow me a book? Say: Will you please lend me a book? To borrow is to get something from someone, and to lend is to give something to someone (See Exercise 51 on page 160.) 413 Steal and Rob. (a) Steal. Don't say: Someone has robbed all her money. Say: Someone has stolen all her money.
(b) Rob. Don't say: Some men stole a bank last night.
Say: Some men robbed a bank last night.
The object of steal is the thing taken by the thief, such as money, a watch, a bicycle, etc , while the object of rob is the person or place from whom (or which) the thing is taken, such as a man, a house, or a bank. See Exercise 52 on page 160.)
414 Take revenge and Avenge. Don't say: I must avenge myself for what he did to me!
Say: I must take revenge for what he did to me! Note: Avenge and revenge oneself are now only found in literary English: We
usually use take revenge (on). W e might also say He must have his revenge
415 Convince and Persuade. Don't say: I am persuaded of Robin's innocence.
Say: 1 am convinced of Robin's innocence.
Persuade and convince have very similar meanings and are mostly interchangeable in modern English. Delia persuaded me to take the exam = Delia convinced me to take the exam. Except in the case of to be convinced of something meaning to believe something.
Note. Care must be taken not to contuse persuade with pursued, the past tense of pursue (= to follow)
416 Refuse and Deny. (a) Refuse.
Don't say':Sarah denied to take the money.
Say: Sarah refused to take the money. (b) Deny. Don't say: John refused that he'd done it. Say: John denied that he'd done it. To refuse means not to take what is offered or not to do what one is asked to do..
To deny means to answer in the negative or to say that a statement isn't true. (See Exercise 53 on page 160.)
417 Discover and Invent.
(a) Discover.
Don't say: America was invented by Columbus.
Say; America was discovered by Columbus.
(B) Invent. Don't say: Edison discovered the gramophone. Say: Edison invented the gramophone.
TO DISCOVER is to find that which existed before but was unknown, and TO INVENT istocreate that which didn't exist before .
418 Take place and Take part.
(a) Take place.
Don't say.The meeting will take part soon.
Say: The meeting will take place soon. (b) Take part. Don't say: I'll take place in the meeting. Say: I'll take part in the meeting. TOTAKE PLACEmeans tohappen ortobeheld, while TOTAKE PARTmeans'o be involved in .
419 Made from and Made of.
(a) Made from.
Don't soy. The bowl is made of glass. Say: The bowl is made from glass.
(b) Made of. Don't say: The statue is made from marble. Say. The statue is made of marble.
We usually use OF when you can still recognise the original material. We use FROM when the-original materials areunrecognisable. In most cases either is possible.
420 Let for Rent and Hired out for Hire.
(a) Rent.
Don't say: I let the house from Mr Jones. / Say: I rent the house from Mr Jones.
Note To rent something is to pay to use it, usually for a long period of time a house, a car, a piano etc To let something is to allow someone to pay you for theuseof something that belongs toyou
(b) Hire. Don't say: I hired out a surf board when I was in America.
Say: 1 hired a surf board when I was in America.
Note Tohire somethinq i-,topaytouseit,usually forashort time, withone ngle payment a suit, a bicycle, a rowing boat etc To hire out is to offer ometning for someone else to hire
421 Win for Earn. Don't say: She wins her living by hard work.
Say: She earns her living by hard work. To earn means to receive in return for work, to win is to obtain as a result of i'gh'ing, competition, gambling, etc Note1 The verb to gain may be used with either meaning to gain one's living or to gain a victory, a prize,etc.
422 Substitute for Replace with. Don't say:They substituted gold with paper money.
Say: They replaced gold with paper money.
We replace onething with another, butwesubstitute onething for another the two phiases mean the reverse of each othei You replace gold with paper money You substitute oaper money for gold-
423 Correct for Repair or Mend. Don't soy: Some men are correcting the road.
Say: Some men are repairing the road.
To correct is to make something right' to correct mistakes, a composition a translation, one's pronunciation, etc To repair Oi to mend is to put m gocd conuit.on afiL'i bemg aarriagpo. to repair or mend a road, clothes, shoes, etc
Note1 To repair a watch is to put it m good condition again, but to correct a watch is to set it to the right time
424 Dust for Cover with dust. Don't say: A sandstorm dusted our clothes.
Say: A sandstorm covered our clothes with dust.
To dust doesn't mean to cover with dust, but to remove dust from sweeping, she dusted the furniture
425 Please for Ask or Thank. Don't say: I pleased him to do me a favour; or: I pleased him for his lovely present.
Say: I asked him to do me a favour; and: J thanked him for his lovely present.
To please means to give pleasure to / worked hard tc please my
After
426 Could for Was able to. Don't say: Because Laura worked hard she could finish the job in time.
Say: Because Laura worked hard she was able to finish the job in time.
If the meaning is managed to or succeeded in doing, use was able to, and not could.
427 Learn for Teach. Don't say: Graham learned us how to play hockey.
Say: Graham taught us how to play hockey, Teach means to give instruction, learn means to receive instruction He me English, and I learned it quickly .See Exercise 54 on page 161.)
428 Win or Beat. Don't say: We've always won your team.
Say: We've always beaten your team.
To win istogelsomething you wanted, to beat istoovercome an opponent: The girls beat the boys, and won the prize.
Remember; theprincipal parts of each verb: beat, beat, beaten, andwin, won, won.
(See Exercise 55 on page 161.)
429 Accept for Agree. Don't soy: The teacher accepted to go with us.
Say: The teacher agreed to go with us.
Accept means to take something that is offered to you. Maria accepted bunch of flowers It also means to believe something you're told: Ken his explanation.
Agree to means todowhat oneisasked todo: David to come to London on Monday, butagree with means to have the same opinion as someone else. The Long family never agree with each other.
Note: W e agree with a person, butto a thing. /agree with Luke, but I can't agree to this plan
430 Leave for Let. Don't say: Penny didn't leave me to get my book.
Say: Penny didn't let me get my book. Let means to allow Leave means to abandon or to go away from' Do you leave your books at school? (See also Sections 436 and 447.)
431 Bring for Take. Don't soy: The astronauts are bringing plants to the moon.
/ Say: The astronauts are taking plants to the moon.
Using bring or take depends on where thespeaker or doer is. W e use bring for things coming to where w e areand take forthings going somewhere else: Take these cakes to your grandmother and bring (back) some flowers from her garden.
Note: To fetch means to go somewhere else andcome back with something: Please fetch me a glass of water (=goandcome back with a glass of water).
432 Drown tor Sink. Don't say: The ship drowned in the ocean.
Say: The ship sank in the ocean. To be drowned refers to iiving things, andmeans to diem water, to sink refers to people or things, andmeans to go down to the bottom of water 1-33 See for Look. Don't say: Neil was seeing out of the window.
/ Say: Neil was looking out of the window. To seeisto nonce with theeyes, butto look istodirect theeyes moidei tn see- / looked up and saw the plane (See Exercise 56 on page 161.)
434 Hear forListen. Don't say: I was hearing her CDs.
Say: I was listening to her CDs. To listen t o may also mean to Think carefully about what someone says Oeny always listens to his mother.See Exercise 57 on pages 161-162.)
435 Remember for Remind. Don't soy: Please remember me to give it back.
Say: Please remind me to give it back. To remember is to have id mind. I remember what you told me To remind :to make a person remember something
435 Leave for Let go. Don't say: Leave the other end of the string.
Say: Let go of the other end of the string. Leave isn't usually used inthesense of letgo butyouwill hear the idiom
leave g o m ver/ informal English to mean let g o (See also sections 430 and 447.)
437 Sleep far Go to Bed. Don't say: I'M sleep early tonight.
Say: I'll go to bed early tonight.
To g e to tied denotes the act of lying down on a bed in preparation for going to sleep, w e can saythai a person went to bed at nine o'clock, outthat he didn't sleep until eleven o'clock 1 hen he slept soundly Go to sleep means to fall asleep He went to sleep while he was m the cinema.
438 Be found for Be. Don't say: The man was found in his office.
Say: The man was in his office.
In English, theverb be found generally means be discovered'. Diamonds are found <n Africa and in India Therefore, H e was found in his office would suggest that themanhadhidden himself inhisoffice andwaslater discovered.
439 Be with for Have. Don't say: My English book is with my brother.
Say: My brother has my English book. Avoid 'jsmg be with in thesense of have. Be with means to be together or m company of He is with his parents .
440 Take for Get. Don't say: Clare took a good mark in chemistry.
Say: Clare got a good mark in chemistry.
To take means to obtain something intentionally or by force: / took a book from the library, The army took the city. To get or to receive means to obtain something which is given such as a gift, a letter, money, or a mark in a n exam
441 Like for Want, etc. Don't say: Do you like to see my collection?
Say: Do you want to see my collection? Do you like to do something? means do you enioy doing it as a habitual action Do you want to do something? means do youwish to do it now .
Note I would/'d like means I want / would/'d like <=• I want) to play tennis today. Would you like (= do you want) to go for a walk with me7 Would/'d like is more polite than want.
(See Exercise 58 on page 162.)
442 Know for Learn, etc. Don't say: Dan went to school to know English.
Say: Dan went to school to learn English. Use know when learning is finished: She knows how to swim. Similarly, avoid
using know to mean find out or realise.
443 Read for Study. Don't say: Lucy is reading algebra in her room.
Say: Lucy is studying algebra in her room.
To study means to try to learn, to read doesn't imply any effort A student Studies English, maths, htstory andother sublets, he/she reads a story, a letter, or a newspaper She is reading for a degree is also correct.
(See Exercise 59 on page 162.)
444 Learn forStudy. Don't say: Kevin is learning at Gordon College.
Say: Kevin is studying at Gordon College. The expression I learn at (Gordon College, etc ) is incorrect. Say I study at (Gordon College, etc.) or 1 am a student at (Gordon College, etc).
445 Take for Buy. Don't say: I went to the baker's to take bread.
Say: I went to the baker's to buy bread. Never use take m thesense of buy .
446 Take out for Take off. Don't say: Chris took out his hat and coat.
Say: Chris took off his hat and coat. The opposite of put on is take off, and not take out.
447 Leave for Give up, etc Don't say: I've now left football.
Say: I've now given up football. Or: I've now stopped playing football.
Never use leave m the meaning of give up, or stop something (For sections 430, 436 and447 see Exercise 48 on page 159.)
448 Sympathise for Like. Don't say: I don't sympathise him very much.
Say: I don't like him very much.
Sympathise isn't synonymous with like To sympathise with means to share some feeling (usually of sorrow) with another person: / sympathise with you in your sorrow
449 Put for Keep. Don't say: Do you put your money in the bank?
Say: Do you keep your money in the bank? It's better to use keep for a more or less permanent resting place, and put for a temporary o n e
450 Care about, Care for Take care of. Don't say: Oliver cares about (cares for) his brother's investments.
Say: Oliver takes care of his brother's investments.
Care about means to like and be concerned about something or someone. Take care of means to look after someone or something: You should take care of >our children, or do something to remedy a problem I think / should take care of that broken pane of glass Care for means to look after: I cared for you when you were ill. Care for can also mean to be fond of someone or something. William really cares for geraniums, though this use is rather old-fashioned.
Note1 Avoid also such expressions as- (1) He doesn't care for my advice,
(2)He doesn't care forhiswork,
(3)Hetook nocare of him,
(4)Noonecared for him during hisillness Say:
(1) He pays no attention to my advice,
(2) He takes no care over his work, (3) He took no notice of him,
(4) No one took care of him during his illness.
451 Let for Make (= to force). Don't say: The examiner let me sit quietly until everyone had finished.
Say: The examiner made me sit quietly until everyone had finished.
Don't use let, in the sense of make, meaning to force.
452 Flown for Flowed. Don't say: The river has flown over its banks.
Say: The river has flowed over its banks.
Flown is the past participle of fly, the past participle of flow (= to move as water) is flowed. The principal parts of the two verbs'are; fly, flew, flown - flow, flowed, flowed.
Note: Flee, fled, fled is formal but we still use it to mean to run away We flee from danger Float, floated, floated means to stay on the surface of water or other liquid' Ships float on the water.
(See Exercise 49 on page 159.)
453 Fall for Fell. Don't say: John fall down and broke his leg.
Say: John fell down and broke his leg. The past tense of this verb is fell, not fall. It's principal parts are- fall,
fell, fallen. Note: Fell, felled, felled means to knock or cut down: The wood-cutter a large tree (See Exercise 60 on page 162.)
454 Found forFind. Don't say: Rosie tried to found her lost book, felled
Say: Rosie tried to find her lost book. To find is a very common verb meaning to get back a thing lost. It's principal parts: find, found, found.
Note: There is, however, another verb to found, meaning to establish: He founded the school fifty years ago.
Have another look at ...
Use of will and shall
I'll/will/shall You'll/will He/she/it'll/will We'li/will/shall You'll/will They'll/will
The short form 11 can be used tor both will and shall. We usually use the long form in writing and the short in speech, but when we are writing informally we also use the short form.
The future auxiliary will has several different meanings:
1 It can be used for things which we expect to happen: He('11) will speak to you about it tomorrow.
2 It can be used as a conditional with an if or whether clause: jane will give you a lift if you need one.
3 We use will or shall for requests and offers: Will you help me sort out these books?
4 When will is stressed it often means that someone insists on or persists in doing something: Barry will keep handing in his homework late.
5 Shall is always used in the first person in the question form: Shall 1leave the door open? Shall we have lunch now?
6 Shall is sometimes used in modern English with the first person (I or we) when we are speaking or writing formally:
We shall never forget your kindness. Shall isn't generally used in other contexts nowadays,
though it used to be quite common.
Mistakes are frequently made by using the infinitive without to after the following verbs, which do not require it.
321 Can + infinitive without to. Don't say: My mother can to swim very well.
Say: My mother can swim very well. Note1 Always write the negative form cannot as oneword. Alternatively, the short form can't can be used informally.
322 Could + infinitive without to. Don't say: I could not to see you yesterday.
Say: I could not/couldn't see you yesterday.
323 May + infinitive without to. Don't say: May I to visit you next weekend?
Say: May I visit you next weekend?
324 Might + infinitive without to. Don't say: He might to come in the morning.
Say: He might come in the morning.
325 Must + infinitive without to. Don't say: I must to see her at her office.
Say: I must see her at her office.
326 Let + infinitive without to. Don't say:Tom's father would not let him to go out.
Say: Tom's father would not let him go out.
327 Make (to force) + infinitive without to. Don't say: You can't make Emma to understand.
Say: You can't make Emma understand.
328 See + infinitive without to. Don't My; They saw him to leave the house.
Say: They saw him leave the house. Note1 They saw him leaving the house is also correct.
329 Watch + infinitive without to. Don't say: I watched the girls to play hockey.
Say: I watched the girls play hockey. Note. /watched (he girls playing hockey is also correct
330 Hear + infinitive without to. Don't say: We heard him to speak in English.
Say: We heard him speak in English. Note We heard him speaking in English is also correct
331 Feel + infinitive without to. Don't say: I could feel her heart to beat,
Say: I could feel her heart beat. Or: I could feel her heart beating.
Note if the verbs make, see, watch, hear, feel, are used in the passive, to must be used He was seen to leave the house . He was heard to speak m English.
(See Exercise 65 on page 165.)
Miscellaneous examples
332 Wrong repetition of subject. Don't say: My little brother he is at school,
/ Say: My little brother is at school.
Never repeat the subject by using a pronoun after the noun My little brothe, and he denote thesame person Therefore, useoneor theother as sub|ect, but not both
333 Wrong repetition of subject in a compound sentence. Don't say: I went to the market and I bought fruit.
Say: I went to the market and bought fruit. In a compound sentence, express thesame subject once only anddon't repeat it before each verb, unless thesentence is long and complicated .
334 Wrong repetition of subject after an adjectival clause,
Don't say: David, who is a careless pupil, he lost his book,
Say: David, who is a careless pupil, lost his book.
335 Wrong repetition of subject after a non-finite verb phrase.
Don't say: Karen and Tom, having signed the register,
they left the church. Say: Karen andTom, having signed the register, left
the church.
336 Wrong use of personal pronoun in a relative clause. Don't say;The book which I lost it was new.
Say: The book which I lost was new.
Don't use a personal pronoun as well as a relative in the relative clause if they both refer to the same noun In the first sentence both which and it refe-' to book.
337 Wrong repetition of object. Don't say: The doctor I know him very well.
Say: I know the doctor very well.
m ihe sentence given, theworcs doctor and him denote one and the same object Therefore, useeither doctor or him, butnotboth inthe same sentence.
In general w e don't put the ob|ect before the verb so the word order in The doctor I fcnow himvery well is also wrong
338 Wrong repetition of object with infinitive.
Don't say: I bought an English book to read it.
Say: I bought an English book to read. Don't repeat an object with an infinitive of purpose if the verb takes an object
(For Sections 332-338 see Exercise 20 on page 146.)
339 Wrong use of that in direct speech. Don't say: She said that, 'Em sure to pass.'
Say: She said, 'I'm sure to pass.' We can't usethat in direct speech, i.e when we repeat thewords that some other person has spoken without any change. Note, in indirect speech w e say: H e said that he was sure to pass.
340 Using a double comparative. Don't say: He's more stronger than John.
Say: He's stronger than John. Double comparatives are incorrect more stronger ought to be only stronger.
However, w e can say much stronger.
341 Misuse of adjectives that can't be compared.
Don't say: My work is more perfect than his.
Say: My work is superior to his. Or: My work is better than his.
Certain adjectives can't be compared perfect, unique, preferable, supreme, right, correct, etc
342 Return back used instead of return. Don't say: She has returned back to school.
Say: She has returned to school Don't use the word back with return, because return means to come back .
343 Begin from used instead of begin. Don't say; Exams begin from Thursday.
Say: Exams begin on Thursday. A Hung canbegin unhatapomi olnme Theword cant beused oapply 10 the whole time during which a thing is being done.
344 Consider as used instead of consider. Don't say: Robert considers me ashis best friend.
Say: Robert considers me his best friend. Don't as*; a5 after theword consider W e say He regards me as his best friend oi Robert considers me to be his best friend.
345 For to used instead of to. Don't say; 1 came here for to learn English.
Say: I came here to learn English.
346 From where used instead of where. Don't say: From where can I buy a good watch?
Say: Where can I buy a good watch? Where means at what place, while from where denotes thepoint of origin from where do tourists come?
347 And etc. used instead of etc. Don't say: I, you, we, and etc. are pronouns.
Say: I, you, we, etc., are pronouns. Etc. is the short form of et cetera, a Latin phrase meaning and other things The combination and etc. is wrong because it would mean and and other things Note However, students areadvised to avord using etc. in an essay andto use
phrases such as and other things, and so on instead.
348 So ... so that instead of so ... that. Don't say: I'm so tired so that I can't go.
/ Say: I'm so tired that I can't go. When so or such is completed by a clause of result, introduce the clause by that and not by so that
349 From now and on used instead of from now on.
Don't say: From now and on I'll study hard.
Say: From now on I'll study hard. The phrase from now and on isincorrect Say, from now on
350 Although/Though ... yet used instead of although/though.
Don't say: Although it's raining, yet he'll go. / Say: Although it's raining, he'll go.
Although (though) is the conjunction introducing the subordinate clause, and a second one (yet or still) isn't required.
351 Go to home used instead of go home. Don't say: When school is over I go to home.
Say: When school is over I go home. The expression (go tohome iswrong Say./go home.
352 Using far with a phrase of definite distance. Don't say: Mary lives two miles far from here.
/ Say: Mary lives two miles from here. When we usea phrase of definite distance (like two miles') in a sentence,
don't use the word far We cansay,Mary lives two miles, away .
=======================
Misplaced word
Wrong posiation of adverbs :
353 The adverb of definite time misplaced. Don't say: I last night went to the cinema.
•/ Say: I went to the cinema last night.
Adverbs or adverbial phrases of definite lime, like yesterday, today, tomorrow, last week, two months ago, are usually placed al theendofthe sentence If w e want to emphasise the time, w e put the adverb at the beginning Yesterday I was very busy
Note1 if there is more than oneadverb of definite time in a sentence, put the more exact expression before the more general1 He was bom at two o'clock in ths morning on April 12th 1942.
354 The adverb of indefinite time misplaced. Don't say: They come always to school by bus.
/ Say: They always come to school by bus.
P at." adverbs of indefinite time, like ever, never, always, often, seldom, soon, sometimes and the adverbs almost, scarcely, hardly, nearly, even, before the principal verb
Note With the vero to be place the adverb of indefinite time after the verb1 They are always beautifully dressed
355 The adverb of time placed before the adverb of place. Don't say: The builders will be tomorrow here.
/ Say: The builders will be here tomorrow.
When using an adverb of hmeandan adverb of place together ina sentence, the adverb of place must come first
356 The adverb misplaced with a transitive verb. Don't say: Janet wrote carefully her essay.
/ Say: Janet wrote her essay carefully. With a transitive verb, the adverb generally comes after the object.
Note. If, however, theobject is long, the adverb maycome after the transitive verb She wrote carefully all the essays she had to do
357 The adverb enough misplaced. Don't say: Is the room enough large for,you?
/ Say: Is the room large enough for you? Place the adverb enough after the word it qualifies and not before.
Note. When enough is an adjective it comes before the noun: We have enough food for six people.
358 Not misplaced with a compound verb. Don't say: I should have not gone ...
/ Say: I should not have gone ... Position not in a compound verb after the first auxiliary
Note- With the present or perfect participle, place not at the beginning' Not having set the alarm, he was late for work. Not being rich, he couldn't afford it.
359 Not misplaced with the negative infinitive. Don't say: I told Liz to not come on Monday.
/ Say: I told Liz not to come on Monday. Position not in the negative infinitive immediately before the word to, and not
after it.
(See Exercises 66 and 67 on pages 165-166.)
Miscellaneous examples
360 The subject of the sentence misplaced Don't say: Last week visited our school a man.
/ Say: A man visited our school last week. in most English sentences place the subject first, the verb ne>T, then th^ obiec
with the rest following
361 The subject misplaced in questions. Don't say: You were at the cinema yesterday?
They'll come with us tomorrow? / Say: Were you at the cinema yesterday
Will they come with us tomorrow?
in rlerogaWe sentences pl.it e 1he sublet aft^r theverrj If "heipnse is compound, the subject comes a'lei 'hi? auxiliary, and the 'es! fol'p-.vi
K'ote Exception ;c this rule is occasionally macie in '.pol-e^. English, nut studer .ire advised to 'ollow the rule
362 The subject misplaced in questions beginning with an interrogative word. Don't say: Why you were absent last Friday?
/ Say: Why were you absent last Friday? in qt.es':ons beginning with AW mtei irjgjtive w e d l.ke what, when, where,
how, place 'he verb before Hie sjbjeti as m all quei.i.ons (For Sections 361-362 see Exercise 35 on page 153.)
363 The.subject misplaced after never, etc. Don't say: Never J have heard of such a thing.
/ Say: Never have I heard of such a thing.
When never, seldom, rarely, neither, nor, not only, no sooner, aie patet at the beginning of a complete clause, the verb must come before m e subjec as m a question .
364 All... not used instead of Not all. Don't say: All people are not hard-working.
</ Say: Not all people are hard-working. The first sentence is wrong because it makes all people lazy
Note Similarly, Everybody doesn't like dancing should be N o t e v o r y b o d y likes darcmg
365 The subject misplaced in indirect questions. Don't say:The teacher asked me what games did 1 play?
</ Say: The teacher asked me what games I played. In indirect questions follow the usual order of words: subject first and
then verb
(See Exercise 37 on page 154.)
366 The direct object misplaced. Don't iay: He touched with his hand the ball.
</ Say: He touched the ball with his hand. The object of a transitive verb generally comes directly after the verb
367 The indirect object misplaced. Don't say: I showed to her some of my stamps.
/ Say: 1 showed some of my stamps to her.
If the indirect object is preceded by a preposition, p'ace it after the direct object
Note The indirect object usually comes fust without a preposition / showed her some ol my stamps.
368 The qualifying adjective misplaced. Don't say: My uncle has a garden very large.
/ Say: My uncle has a very large garden. Pur the adjective immediately before the noun, it qualifes .
Have another look at ...
Questions
Questions can be formed in three ways:
1 By putting the verb before the subject. Only use this method with the following twenty-one verbs: am, is, are, was, were; have, has, had; shall, should; will, would; can, could; may, might; must; need; dare; ought; used.
Examples: Are you ready? Can you write well? Will he come tomorrow? May I go now?
2 By using do, does, did, followed by the subject and then the infinitive (without fo). Use this form with all verbs except the twenty-one given above.The word order is:
Do (does, did) + SUBJECT + INFINITIVE Examples: Do you come here every day? Does the child learn English? Did they go to the theatre?
3 By using question words. The question word always begins the question, but the verb must be put before the subject as in questions of types 1 and 2. Examples: Why are you late? When did you come? Where is it? Whom did you see? Which book do you want?
If the question word is the subject of the sentence, put the verb after the subject: Who wrote the letter? Whose dog bit the man?
369 The past participle misplaced. Don't say: The ordered goods haven't arrived.
/ Scry; The goods ordered haven't arrived.
The goods ordered is a shortened form of The goods which have
been ordered.
370 The relative clause misplaced. Don't say: A girl has a pony who is in our class.
/ Say: A girl who is in our class has a pony. Put the relative clause immediately after the noun to which it refers.
Note Enclose a relative clause that maybe omitted between commas. My brother George, who is in another class, has a new bicycle. A relative clause that can't be omitted is not enclosed within commas: The boy who spoke to me is my brother.
371 The conjunction misplaced in a time clause. Don't say: Emma when she arrived the boat had already gone.
/ Say: When Emma arrived the boat had already gone. Place the conjunction introducing an adverbial clause of time at the beginning
of a clause.
372 Correlative conjunctions misplaced. Don't say: Paul neither speaks English nor French.
/ Say: Paul speaks neither English nor French. Place correlative conjunctions (that is, conjunctions used in pairs, like neither...
nor, not only ... but also) before words of the same part of speech.
373 The ordinal numeral misplaced. Don't say: I've read the two first chapters.
/ Say: I've read the first two chapters.
Place ordinal numerals before cardinal numerals There can't be t w o first chapters, only one. Similarly, w e must say. The last two (three, etc.), and not The two (three, etc.) last.
374 The indefinite article misplaced with such. Don't say/: I never met a such good man before.
/ Say: I never met such a good man before. Place the indefinite article a or an after such: such a good man.
375 The definite article misplaced with half. Don't say: The half year is nearly finished.
/ Say: Half the year is nearly finished. Half the year is shortened form of half of the year.
376 The most used instead of most of the. Don't soy: The most of girls are not present.
/ Soy: Most of the girls are not present. The phrase the most of isincorrect. Say, most of the.
377 The apostrophe (') misplaced with contractions. Don't write: Did'nt, has'nf, is'nt, are'nt, etc.
/ Write: Didn't, hasn't isn't, aren't, etc. (See Exercises 39 and 40 on pages 155-156.)
378 Mentioning oneself first. Don't soy: Only I and my mother are present.
/ Say: Only my mother and I are present.
English idiom requires that when a person is speaking of himself/herself and others, he/she must mention the other person or persons first and leave himself/herself last.
Have another look at ... Correct order of words
1 Subject 2 Verb 3 Object
1 The object is usually placed immediately after the verb. Example: I speak English very well.
2 The indirect object usually comes before the direct object without a preposition. Example: I gave him the money.
3 An expression of time comes after an expression of place. Example: We stayed there all day.
4 Place adverbs of time and degree, such as always, often, never, nearly, hardly, scarcely, before the verb, or between the auxiliary and the verb. Examples: I never see that man; or I have never seen that man.
Note: With the verb to be place the adverb after the verb: He is never late.
5 In indirect questions the subject comes first and then the verb. Example: I want to know where they went.
6 In compound verbs with two auxiliaries, place not after the first one. Example: She could not have been there.
7 In the negative infinitive, not comes before to. Example: I told him not to go there.
Confused words
Prepositions often confused
379 To and At. (a) To.
Don't say: We come at school every morning,
-Say: We come to school every morning. (b) At. Don't say: Someone is standing to the door.
-Say: Someone is standing at the door. Use to to express motion from one place to another, use at to ciensrr- 0051 tiro (See Exercise 77 on page 170,)
380 To and Till. (a) To.
Don't say: We walked till the river and back.
-Say: We walked to the river and back. (b) Till. Don't say: I'll stay here to next month.
-Say: I'll stay here till next month. Use to with distance, and till (until) with time 381 In and At. (a) In. Don't say: Liam has a flat at Paris. Say: Liam has a flat in Paris.
We use in to describe the physical location something as pari of A larger thing or place .
(b) At.
Don't say: My mother is staying in 66 Argyle Street.
Say: My mother is staying at 66 Argyle Street.
We use at when we're talking about an address, a public place or building (a bus stop, the Post Office, the library etc.) and cases in which the location is irrelevant but what we do there is vvhal mailers (school, the dentist, dance class etc i
(See Exercise 78 on page 170.)
382 In and Into. (a) In.
Don't say: Gemma spent all the day into her room.
-Say: Gemma spent all the day in her room. (b) Into. Don't say: Richard came in the room and sat down.
-Say: Richard came into the room and sat down. In denotes position inside somethinc , while into denotes motion or direction towards the inside of something Note Always write the preposition into as one word (See Exercise 79 on page 171.) 383 On, At, In. (Time.) (a) On. Don't say: My uncle will arrive at Saturday.
-Say: My uncle will arrive on Saturday. (b) At. Don't say: I usually get up on seven o'clock. -Say: I usually get up at seven o'clock. (c) In. Don't say: She goes for a walk at the afternoon. -Say: She goes for a walk in the afternoon.
(1) Use on with the clays of the week or month1 on Friday, on March 25, on New Year's Day {2} Use at with the exact time, at four o'clock, at dawn, at noon, at sunset, at midnight. (3) Use in with a period of time in April, in winter, in 1945, in the morning Also at night and by day
(See Exercise 80 on page 171.)
384 For and At. (Price.) (a) For.
Don't say: I bought a book at fifty pence.
-Say: I bought a book for fifty pence. (b) At. Don't say: I can't buy it for such a high price.
-Say: I can't buy it at such a high price. Use for if the actual sum is mentioned use at it the actual sum isn't given N o t e 1 If the weight or measure follows the price, use at with the actual surrr That velvet is available at £5 a metre .
385 Between and Among. (a) Between.
Don't say: There was a fight among two boys.
-Say: There was a fight between two boys. (b) Among. Don't say: Divide the apple between you three. -Say: Divide the apple among you three. Use between for two only Use among for more than two (See Exercise 81 on page 172.) 386 Beside. Don't say: Charlie was standing just besides me. -Say: Charlie was standing just beside me.
387 Except for Besides/As well as Don't say: 1 have other books except these.
-Say: I have other hooks besides/as well as these (= in addition to these). hnie Except me-ms 'n leavp out £V*«yO';e wt js present except John
388 Byfor With. Don't say: The man shot the bird by a gun.
Say: The man shot the bird with a gun.
'.Vfren you ^r'i •,no\. Me •it-^r', ei i) I'^tfimer.t ,.-ih which 'he action .-iorjr ,e with By denote* the uoer n1 the action The bird i-va^ ;hor by
t/ie man "jivU r-,i- ioi1-v.r.iq ul.- by and not with by nan'1 by post, by phone,
by cip^wann,bytheIour.bytheJo:piv bythemetre
3o-; 1 From for By. Don'l say: Mary was punished from her father.
-Say: Mary was punished by her father. I'it- by ''..-)! from,1 {ituv fhf-pdSy.v*1 form to show the doer of tne -Ktion
390 FromtorOforIn. Don't say: He's the tallest from all the boys.
-Say: He's the tallest of all the boys. Or. He's the tallest boy in the class
Preu-de .idi^i tives (or adverbs) INthe superlative degree by the jnc! follow mem bi of or in
391 FAT FOR About. Don't say: The teacher spoke for bad habits.
-Say: The teacher spoke about bad habits.
Dor. t usr-for in th-=scr.se of about fhe chief u-e of for r; (a convey the idea of fj'jm.y m fjvo,jr of " we sa>'thai the tt-arhei yoke for bad habits it's like saying :hdt he/',he spoke in favour nl bad habits1
392 Since forFor. Don't say: She's lived here since two years
-Say: She's lived here for two years.
Place the preposition for before words or phrases denoting a period of time: for three days, for six weeks, for two years, for a few minutes, for a long time. Use it with any tense except the present.
Note For isoften omitted W e cansay, I've been here for two years or I've been here two years.
393 From for Since. Don't say: lan's been ill from last Friday.
-Say: lan's been ill since last Friday.
Place the preposition since before words or phrases denoting a point in time: since Monday, since yesterday, since eight o'clock, since Christmas. When we usesince, theverb isusually inthepresent perfect tense, butitmaybein the past perfect. I was glad to see Tom. I hadn't seen him since last Christmas.
Note: From canalso denote apoint intime, butitmust befollowed bytoor till: He works from eight o'clock till one o'clock without a break
394 After for In. Don't soy: I may be able to go after a week.
Say: I may be able to go in a week. Or: I may be able to go in a week's time.
When speaking of a period of time inthefuture, usein, andnotafter. Here in means after the end of.
395 In for Within. Don't say: I'll come back in an hour - if you mean before the end of an hour.
-Say: I'll come back within an hour. In means after the end of, within means before the end of. (See Exercises 82 and 83 on pages 172-173.)
Have another look ...
Use of certain prepositions
Prepositions of Place
TO and AT Use TO for movement from one place to another. Example: I walk to school every day.
Use \i to denote position or rest. Example: He's waiting at the door.
iN and INTO IN denotes position or rest inside something.
Example: The pencil ("5 in the box. INTO denotes movement towards the inside of.
Example:They walk into the room. Prepositions of Time
AT, IN, O'S Use AT with the exact time.
Example: She arrived at 8 o'clock in the morning.
Use ON with days and dates. Examples: On Sunday we go to church. My birthday is
on the third of December. Use IN with a period of time. Example: In summer the weather is warm.
Verbs often confused
396 Shall and Will. (a) To express simple futurity:
In the first person:
Don't say: I will go tomorrow if it's fine. S Say: I shall go tomorrow if it's fine.
In the second person:
Don't say: She tells m e you shall go tomorrow. / Say: She tells me you will/'ll go tomorrow.
In the third person:
Don't say: He shall go if he has permission. S Say: He will/'ll go if he has permission.
(b) To express something more than simple futurity: In the first person: Don't say: I have determined that I shall go.
-Say: I have determined that I will/'ll go. In the second person: Don't say: You will/'ll go out if you are good. Say: You shall go out if you are good. In the third person: Don't say: My mind is made up: he will/'ll go. -Say: My mind is made up: he shall go. To form the simple future, useshall with the first person and will with the second and third persons Will in the first person denotes resolution or personal determination, and shall m the second and third persons denotes either a command or a promise Note1 Should, thepast tense of shall, andwould, thepast tense of will, have the same differences ofmeaning anduseasthepresent forms shall and will was afraid that I should fail, I promised that I would help him (See Exercise 41 on page 156.)
397 Shall and May. Distinguish between:
(a) May I shut the door? and (b) Shall I shut the door?
M a y ' ihui 'he door'1 Me-di'iS thai I wi-,.11 "he rjrjor closed and I ask ,'ntji permission to -/nut it. Shaii 1 -J-.ui ('>=> doer'-' M e a n s that I •/•/ant io knov-- whether y o u wish the door oo'.ed
398 Say and Tell. Don't say: He told. '1 wili/'ll go home.'
He told that he'd go home. / Say: He said, 'I will/'ll go home.'
He said that he'd go home.
Use to Say :1) wnen referrmq to a person's actual words, and (2) in udirect spee:h if the sentence doesn't contain an indirect object..
Note Common idioms w-th say una teff Say a prayer Who says-' l must sayi You can say that age"'' If v o n say so Teil the- truth Tell a lie. Tell a story Tei! the Time Tell your fortune Tell someone your name
(See Exercise 42 on pages. 156-157.)
399 Make and Do. (a) Make,
Don't say: The carpenter did a large table. / Say The carpenter made a large table.
(hi Do. Don't say: You must make your work carefully.
Say: You must do your work carefully. To make primarily means to construct or manufacture something, while to do
mean: to accomplish a thing
JJoie Common exceptions with make and do [a) To make a mistake, to make a promise, to make a spet-'.n to make an excuse, to make ha^te, to make fun of, to make progress, to make a noise, to make a bed i- to prepare the bed for sleeping on) lb) To do good, to do evil, to do -/our best to do your duty, to do someone a favour, to do wrong, to do a puzzle, ro do business, to do away with, to do gymnastics, to do exercises
(See Exercise 43 on page 157.)
400 Lie and Lay. (a) Lie.
Don't say: Em going to lay down for an hour. S Say: Em going to lie down for an hour.
(b) Lay. Don't say: Please lie the exam papers on the desk.
Say: Please lay out the exam papers on the desk.
Lie (= to rest) is an intransitive verb and never has an object. Lay (= to put) is a transitive verb and always requires an object. Their principal parts are lie, lay, lain, and lay, laid, laid.
Note:Lie,lied,liedistotellanuntruth:Hehaslied tomeLay,laid,laidalso means to produce eggs: The hen has laid an egg (Idiom. Lay the table is to prepare the table for a meal.)
(See Exercise 44 on page 157.)
401 Sit and Seat. (a) Sit.
Don't say: We seat at a desk to write a letter.
Say: We sit at a desk to write a letter.
(b) Seat. Don't say: He sat the passengers one by one.
Say: He seated the passengers one by one.
Use sit as an intransitive verb. Seat is a transitive verb and requires an ob|ect Very often the object of seat is a reflexive pronoun: He seated himself near the fire. The principal parts of the two verbs are: sit, sat, sat, and seat, seated, seated.
Note: Don't confuse sit with set, wfuch usually means to place. Common idioms with set. to set the table, to set on fire, to set off lor out), to set a trap, to set a clock, to set a price, to set your heart on, to set free, to set an example, to set a broken bone, to set to work (= to start work).
(See Exercise 45 on page 158.)
402 Rise and Raise. (a) Rise.
Don't say: Val raises very early in the morning.
Say: Val rises very early in the morning. (b) Raise. Don't say: She rose their salaries too often. -Say: She raised their salaries too often. Rise isan intransitive verb andmeans to 90 up,stand up,or getoutof bed. Itctoesrr!require an object Raise .
153 transitive verb and means toliHup something Their principal parts are; rise, rose, risen, and raise, raised, raised. Note. Arise is often used for rise, but it is better to use arise only in the sense of begin A quarrel (a discussion, an argument, a difficulty, etc) may arise This is formal but is still used (See Exercise 46 on page 158.) 403 Like and Love. Don't say: I like you! Will you marry me? Say: I love you! Will you marry me? Both verbs canbe used for people andthings theonly difference isone of degree Love is much stronger than like.
404 Stay and Remain. (a) Stay.
Don't say: We remained in a very good hotel.
-Say: We stayed in a very good hotel. (b) Remain. Don't say: Not many figs have stayed on the tree. -Say: Not many figs have remained on the tree. Here, to stay means tolive forashort time asaguest oravisitor, andto remain means to be 'eftafter part hasbeen taken or deslioyed. Note; Useeither verb when themeaning istocontinue inthesame placeor condition /'//stay [or remain) at home till tomorrow. Remain ismore formal
405 Hanged and Hung. (a) Hanged.
Don't say: No-one has been hung in Britain
since 1964.
Say: No-one has been hanged in Britain since 1964. (b) Hung. Don't say: We hanged the picture on the wall. -Say: We hung the picture on the wall. W h e n the reference is to killing a person or animal by hanging, w e use the form hanged. In other cases, the form is hung The principal parts of the two verbs are: hang, hanged, hanged; hang, hung. hung. See Exercise 50 on page 160.) 406 Wear and Put on. (a) Wear. Don't say: Kathy always puts on black shoes. «/ Say: Kathy always wears black shoes. (b) Put on. Don't say: 1 wear my clothes in the morning.
Say: 1 put on my clothes in the morning. W e a r means to have upon the body as a garment or as an ornament To put on denotes a simple act. Note1 To dress has nearly the same meaning as to put on, but the ob|ect of dress is a person and not a thing He dressed himself and went out, The mother dressed her baby (See Exercise 47 on pages 158-159.) 407 Tear and Tear up. (a) Tear. Don't say: John tore up his coat on a nail.
Say: Philip was angry and tore up the letter. To tear means to divide along a straight or urogulai line, sometimes by C'den: To t e a r u p means to destroy by tearing to pieces. Hurt ! - i e word u p is often used with verbs lo express the idea of q-eater
completeness: burn up, drink up, dry up, cut up eat up, shut up, use up
408 Grow and Grow up. ['(?} Grow.
Don'f say: These flowers grow up very quickly.
Say: These flowers grow very quickly. (b) Grow up. Don't say: When I grow I'll be a doctor. Say: When I grow up I'll be. a doctor. To grow means to necome bigger, to grow up means to become an jdu't Noie Other meanings of g r o w {I.1 to occur r.atu/aliy in the ground Rice grows in Egypt. [2) to cause to grow Vve grow flowers in our garden (3) to allow to grow He grew a beard: (4) to become The nights cold in winter
409PickandPickup.
(u) Pick.
Don't say: W e picked up flowers in the garden. •
Say: We picked flowers in the garden.
(b) Pick up.
Don't say: The naughty boy picked a stone. / Say: The naughty boy picked up a stone. To pick fruit or flowers means to pull them away with the fingers, to pick up 11.ear<; to Mi up from the ground. The important e'ement is that what is OK':-d up isn't attached
410 Deal with and Deal in. (a) Deal with.
Don't say:Thisbookdealsincommonerrors. Say: This book deals with common errors.
(b) Deal in. Don't say: A bookseller deals with books.
Say: A bookseller deals in books. To deaf with means to have to do with, to deal in means to buy and sell .
Note. To deal w i t h also means to take action on a matter The headmaster will deal with that question .
411 Interfere in and Interfere with. (a) Interfere in.
Don't say: Don't interfere with my private business!
Say: Don't interfere in my private business! (b) Interfere with. Don't say: Paul is always interfering in the equipment.
Say: Paul is always interfering with the equipment. Interfere in means to concern yourselt with something which you shouldn't Interfere w i t h means to do some damage or be a nuisance to someone or something. 412 Borrow and Lend. (a) Borrow. Don't say: I want to lend a book from you.
Say: I want to borrow a book from you. (b) Lend. Don't say: Will you please borrow me a book? Say: Will you please lend me a book? To borrow is to get something from someone, and to lend is to give something to someone (See Exercise 51 on page 160.) 413 Steal and Rob. (a) Steal. Don't say: Someone has robbed all her money. Say: Someone has stolen all her money.
(b) Rob. Don't say: Some men stole a bank last night.
Say: Some men robbed a bank last night.
The object of steal is the thing taken by the thief, such as money, a watch, a bicycle, etc , while the object of rob is the person or place from whom (or which) the thing is taken, such as a man, a house, or a bank. See Exercise 52 on page 160.)
414 Take revenge and Avenge. Don't say: I must avenge myself for what he did to me!
Say: I must take revenge for what he did to me! Note: Avenge and revenge oneself are now only found in literary English: We
usually use take revenge (on). W e might also say He must have his revenge
415 Convince and Persuade. Don't say: I am persuaded of Robin's innocence.
Say: 1 am convinced of Robin's innocence.
Persuade and convince have very similar meanings and are mostly interchangeable in modern English. Delia persuaded me to take the exam = Delia convinced me to take the exam. Except in the case of to be convinced of something meaning to believe something.
Note. Care must be taken not to contuse persuade with pursued, the past tense of pursue (= to follow)
416 Refuse and Deny. (a) Refuse.
Don't say':Sarah denied to take the money.
Say: Sarah refused to take the money. (b) Deny. Don't say: John refused that he'd done it. Say: John denied that he'd done it. To refuse means not to take what is offered or not to do what one is asked to do..
To deny means to answer in the negative or to say that a statement isn't true. (See Exercise 53 on page 160.)
417 Discover and Invent.
(a) Discover.
Don't say: America was invented by Columbus.
Say; America was discovered by Columbus.
(B) Invent. Don't say: Edison discovered the gramophone. Say: Edison invented the gramophone.
TO DISCOVER is to find that which existed before but was unknown, and TO INVENT istocreate that which didn't exist before .
418 Take place and Take part.
(a) Take place.
Don't say.The meeting will take part soon.
Say: The meeting will take place soon. (b) Take part. Don't say: I'll take place in the meeting. Say: I'll take part in the meeting. TOTAKE PLACEmeans tohappen ortobeheld, while TOTAKE PARTmeans'o be involved in .
419 Made from and Made of.
(a) Made from.
Don't soy. The bowl is made of glass. Say: The bowl is made from glass.
(b) Made of. Don't say: The statue is made from marble. Say. The statue is made of marble.
We usually use OF when you can still recognise the original material. We use FROM when the-original materials areunrecognisable. In most cases either is possible.
420 Let for Rent and Hired out for Hire.
(a) Rent.
Don't say: I let the house from Mr Jones. / Say: I rent the house from Mr Jones.
Note To rent something is to pay to use it, usually for a long period of time a house, a car, a piano etc To let something is to allow someone to pay you for theuseof something that belongs toyou
(b) Hire. Don't say: I hired out a surf board when I was in America.
Say: 1 hired a surf board when I was in America.
Note Tohire somethinq i-,topaytouseit,usually forashort time, withone ngle payment a suit, a bicycle, a rowing boat etc To hire out is to offer ometning for someone else to hire
421 Win for Earn. Don't say: She wins her living by hard work.
Say: She earns her living by hard work. To earn means to receive in return for work, to win is to obtain as a result of i'gh'ing, competition, gambling, etc Note1 The verb to gain may be used with either meaning to gain one's living or to gain a victory, a prize,etc.
422 Substitute for Replace with. Don't say:They substituted gold with paper money.
Say: They replaced gold with paper money.
We replace onething with another, butwesubstitute onething for another the two phiases mean the reverse of each othei You replace gold with paper money You substitute oaper money for gold-
423 Correct for Repair or Mend. Don't soy: Some men are correcting the road.
Say: Some men are repairing the road.
To correct is to make something right' to correct mistakes, a composition a translation, one's pronunciation, etc To repair Oi to mend is to put m gocd conuit.on afiL'i bemg aarriagpo. to repair or mend a road, clothes, shoes, etc
Note1 To repair a watch is to put it m good condition again, but to correct a watch is to set it to the right time
424 Dust for Cover with dust. Don't say: A sandstorm dusted our clothes.
Say: A sandstorm covered our clothes with dust.
To dust doesn't mean to cover with dust, but to remove dust from sweeping, she dusted the furniture
425 Please for Ask or Thank. Don't say: I pleased him to do me a favour; or: I pleased him for his lovely present.
Say: I asked him to do me a favour; and: J thanked him for his lovely present.
To please means to give pleasure to / worked hard tc please my
After
426 Could for Was able to. Don't say: Because Laura worked hard she could finish the job in time.
Say: Because Laura worked hard she was able to finish the job in time.
If the meaning is managed to or succeeded in doing, use was able to, and not could.
427 Learn for Teach. Don't say: Graham learned us how to play hockey.
Say: Graham taught us how to play hockey, Teach means to give instruction, learn means to receive instruction He me English, and I learned it quickly .See Exercise 54 on page 161.)
428 Win or Beat. Don't say: We've always won your team.
Say: We've always beaten your team.
To win istogelsomething you wanted, to beat istoovercome an opponent: The girls beat the boys, and won the prize.
Remember; theprincipal parts of each verb: beat, beat, beaten, andwin, won, won.
(See Exercise 55 on page 161.)
429 Accept for Agree. Don't soy: The teacher accepted to go with us.
Say: The teacher agreed to go with us.
Accept means to take something that is offered to you. Maria accepted bunch of flowers It also means to believe something you're told: Ken his explanation.
Agree to means todowhat oneisasked todo: David to come to London on Monday, butagree with means to have the same opinion as someone else. The Long family never agree with each other.
Note: W e agree with a person, butto a thing. /agree with Luke, but I can't agree to this plan
430 Leave for Let. Don't say: Penny didn't leave me to get my book.
Say: Penny didn't let me get my book. Let means to allow Leave means to abandon or to go away from' Do you leave your books at school? (See also Sections 436 and 447.)
431 Bring for Take. Don't soy: The astronauts are bringing plants to the moon.
/ Say: The astronauts are taking plants to the moon.
Using bring or take depends on where thespeaker or doer is. W e use bring for things coming to where w e areand take forthings going somewhere else: Take these cakes to your grandmother and bring (back) some flowers from her garden.
Note: To fetch means to go somewhere else andcome back with something: Please fetch me a glass of water (=goandcome back with a glass of water).
432 Drown tor Sink. Don't say: The ship drowned in the ocean.
Say: The ship sank in the ocean. To be drowned refers to iiving things, andmeans to diem water, to sink refers to people or things, andmeans to go down to the bottom of water 1-33 See for Look. Don't say: Neil was seeing out of the window.
/ Say: Neil was looking out of the window. To seeisto nonce with theeyes, butto look istodirect theeyes moidei tn see- / looked up and saw the plane (See Exercise 56 on page 161.)
434 Hear forListen. Don't say: I was hearing her CDs.
Say: I was listening to her CDs. To listen t o may also mean to Think carefully about what someone says Oeny always listens to his mother.See Exercise 57 on pages 161-162.)
435 Remember for Remind. Don't soy: Please remember me to give it back.
Say: Please remind me to give it back. To remember is to have id mind. I remember what you told me To remind :to make a person remember something
435 Leave for Let go. Don't say: Leave the other end of the string.
Say: Let go of the other end of the string. Leave isn't usually used inthesense of letgo butyouwill hear the idiom
leave g o m ver/ informal English to mean let g o (See also sections 430 and 447.)
437 Sleep far Go to Bed. Don't say: I'M sleep early tonight.
Say: I'll go to bed early tonight.
To g e to tied denotes the act of lying down on a bed in preparation for going to sleep, w e can saythai a person went to bed at nine o'clock, outthat he didn't sleep until eleven o'clock 1 hen he slept soundly Go to sleep means to fall asleep He went to sleep while he was m the cinema.
438 Be found for Be. Don't say: The man was found in his office.
Say: The man was in his office.
In English, theverb be found generally means be discovered'. Diamonds are found <n Africa and in India Therefore, H e was found in his office would suggest that themanhadhidden himself inhisoffice andwaslater discovered.
439 Be with for Have. Don't say: My English book is with my brother.
Say: My brother has my English book. Avoid 'jsmg be with in thesense of have. Be with means to be together or m company of He is with his parents .
440 Take for Get. Don't say: Clare took a good mark in chemistry.
Say: Clare got a good mark in chemistry.
To take means to obtain something intentionally or by force: / took a book from the library, The army took the city. To get or to receive means to obtain something which is given such as a gift, a letter, money, or a mark in a n exam
441 Like for Want, etc. Don't say: Do you like to see my collection?
Say: Do you want to see my collection? Do you like to do something? means do you enioy doing it as a habitual action Do you want to do something? means do youwish to do it now .
Note I would/'d like means I want / would/'d like <=• I want) to play tennis today. Would you like (= do you want) to go for a walk with me7 Would/'d like is more polite than want.
(See Exercise 58 on page 162.)
442 Know for Learn, etc. Don't say: Dan went to school to know English.
Say: Dan went to school to learn English. Use know when learning is finished: She knows how to swim. Similarly, avoid
using know to mean find out or realise.
443 Read for Study. Don't say: Lucy is reading algebra in her room.
Say: Lucy is studying algebra in her room.
To study means to try to learn, to read doesn't imply any effort A student Studies English, maths, htstory andother sublets, he/she reads a story, a letter, or a newspaper She is reading for a degree is also correct.
(See Exercise 59 on page 162.)
444 Learn forStudy. Don't say: Kevin is learning at Gordon College.
Say: Kevin is studying at Gordon College. The expression I learn at (Gordon College, etc ) is incorrect. Say I study at (Gordon College, etc.) or 1 am a student at (Gordon College, etc).
445 Take for Buy. Don't say: I went to the baker's to take bread.
Say: I went to the baker's to buy bread. Never use take m thesense of buy .
446 Take out for Take off. Don't say: Chris took out his hat and coat.
Say: Chris took off his hat and coat. The opposite of put on is take off, and not take out.
447 Leave for Give up, etc Don't say: I've now left football.
Say: I've now given up football. Or: I've now stopped playing football.
Never use leave m the meaning of give up, or stop something (For sections 430, 436 and447 see Exercise 48 on page 159.)
448 Sympathise for Like. Don't say: I don't sympathise him very much.
Say: I don't like him very much.
Sympathise isn't synonymous with like To sympathise with means to share some feeling (usually of sorrow) with another person: / sympathise with you in your sorrow
449 Put for Keep. Don't say: Do you put your money in the bank?
Say: Do you keep your money in the bank? It's better to use keep for a more or less permanent resting place, and put for a temporary o n e
450 Care about, Care for Take care of. Don't say: Oliver cares about (cares for) his brother's investments.
Say: Oliver takes care of his brother's investments.
Care about means to like and be concerned about something or someone. Take care of means to look after someone or something: You should take care of >our children, or do something to remedy a problem I think / should take care of that broken pane of glass Care for means to look after: I cared for you when you were ill. Care for can also mean to be fond of someone or something. William really cares for geraniums, though this use is rather old-fashioned.
Note1 Avoid also such expressions as- (1) He doesn't care for my advice,
(2)He doesn't care forhiswork,
(3)Hetook nocare of him,
(4)Noonecared for him during hisillness Say:
(1) He pays no attention to my advice,
(2) He takes no care over his work, (3) He took no notice of him,
(4) No one took care of him during his illness.
451 Let for Make (= to force). Don't say: The examiner let me sit quietly until everyone had finished.
Say: The examiner made me sit quietly until everyone had finished.
Don't use let, in the sense of make, meaning to force.
452 Flown for Flowed. Don't say: The river has flown over its banks.
Say: The river has flowed over its banks.
Flown is the past participle of fly, the past participle of flow (= to move as water) is flowed. The principal parts of the two verbs'are; fly, flew, flown - flow, flowed, flowed.
Note: Flee, fled, fled is formal but we still use it to mean to run away We flee from danger Float, floated, floated means to stay on the surface of water or other liquid' Ships float on the water.
(See Exercise 49 on page 159.)
453 Fall for Fell. Don't say: John fall down and broke his leg.
Say: John fell down and broke his leg. The past tense of this verb is fell, not fall. It's principal parts are- fall,
fell, fallen. Note: Fell, felled, felled means to knock or cut down: The wood-cutter a large tree (See Exercise 60 on page 162.)
454 Found forFind. Don't say: Rosie tried to found her lost book, felled
Say: Rosie tried to find her lost book. To find is a very common verb meaning to get back a thing lost. It's principal parts: find, found, found.
Note: There is, however, another verb to found, meaning to establish: He founded the school fifty years ago.
Have another look at ...
Use of will and shall
I'll/will/shall You'll/will He/she/it'll/will We'li/will/shall You'll/will They'll/will
The short form 11 can be used tor both will and shall. We usually use the long form in writing and the short in speech, but when we are writing informally we also use the short form.
The future auxiliary will has several different meanings:
1 It can be used for things which we expect to happen: He('11) will speak to you about it tomorrow.
2 It can be used as a conditional with an if or whether clause: jane will give you a lift if you need one.
3 We use will or shall for requests and offers: Will you help me sort out these books?
4 When will is stressed it often means that someone insists on or persists in doing something: Barry will keep handing in his homework late.
5 Shall is always used in the first person in the question form: Shall 1leave the door open? Shall we have lunch now?
6 Shall is sometimes used in modern English with the first person (I or we) when we are speaking or writing formally:
We shall never forget your kindness. Shall isn't generally used in other contexts nowadays,
though it used to be quite common.
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